Reversible electrochemical reactions in conducting polymers: A molecular approach to artificial muscles

1996 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 381-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. F. Otero ◽  
H. Grande ◽  
J. Rodr�guez
Keyword(s):  
Conducting Polymers ◽  
Electrochemical Reactions ◽  
Artificial Muscles ◽  
Molecular Approach

Development of a Flexible Conductive Polymer Membrane on Electroactive Hydrogel Microfibers

2009 ◽  
Vol 1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Joseph Bassil ◽  
Michael Ibrahim Ibrahim ◽  
Eddy Souaid ◽  
Georges El Haj Moussa ◽  
Mario Remond El Tahchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Conducting Polymers ◽  
Vinyl Alcohol ◽  
Conductive Polymer ◽  
The Other ◽  
Time Response ◽  
Poly Vinyl Alcohol ◽  
Artificial Muscles ◽  
Problem Of Time ◽  
Gel Membranes

AbstractConducting polymers and hydrogels are two classes of polymers that currently receive an increasing attention in the field of biomaterials, particularly for their application in the assembly of artificial muscles. In this paper we present the development of Polyacrylamide (PAAM) microfibers and polyaniline (PANI) - poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) conductive gel membrane.The fabricated PAAM microfibers have diameters between 1 and 12μm depending on the preparation parameters. These microfibers respond instantaneously to 100mV electrical stimulation, which solves the problem of time response of the hydrogels. On the other hand, we showed that the inclusion of conducting chains within a crosslinked gel matrix allows combining the conductivity of the PANI with the mechanical flexibility of PVA in order to provide flexible gel membranes that can adhere to the PAAM microfibers to ensure their electrical stimulation.

Estimation of ion dimension doped in conducting polymers electrochemically

MRS Advances ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (27) ◽  
pp. 1543-1549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiichi Kaneto ◽  
Fumito Hata ◽  
Sadahito Uto
Keyword(s):  
Conducting Polymers ◽  
Electrochemical Oxidation ◽  
Artificial Muscles ◽  
Counter Ions ◽  
Laser Displacement Meter ◽  
Polypyrrole Film ◽  
Soft Actuators ◽  
Ion Size ◽  
Isotropic Expansion ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTElectroactive conducting polymers are suitable for soft actuators (artificial muscles). The actuation is induced by electrochemical oxidation of conducting polymer (film) in an electrolyte solution, due to insertion of bulky counter ions (dopant ions). The magnitude of deformation (strain) depends on the size of dopant ions and the degree of oxidation. It is worthwhile to know the relationship between the magnitudes of deformation and ion size. An electrodeposited Polypyrrole film was electrochemically cycled in aqueous electrolytes of NaCl, NaBr, NaNO3, NaBF4 and NaClO4. The strain of film during electrochemical oxidation and reduction was precisely measured using a laser displacement meter and a handmade apparatus. From the strain and electrical charges inserted in the film during oxidation, the volumes and radii of dopant ions were estimated, assuming the isotropic expansion of the film. The estimated anion radii of Cl-, Br-, NO3-, BF4- and ClO4- were 235, 246, 250, 270 and 290, respectively. The results were discussed taking the crystallographic and hydrated ion radii in literatures into consideration.

Artificial muscles based on conducting polymers

1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.F. Otero ◽  
J.M. Sansiñena
Keyword(s):  
Conducting Polymers ◽  
Artificial Muscles

Artificial muscles based on conducting polymers

e-Polymers ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
María Teresa Cortés ◽  
Juan Carlos Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Conducting Polymers ◽  
Response Time ◽  
High Power ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Large Strain ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Artificial Muscles ◽  
Power Weight ◽  
C 50

Abstract Natural muscles have mechanical properties that conventional actuators do not possess. These natural machines show large strain, moderate stress, high efficiency and stability, fast response time, high power/weight ratio, long lifetime, etc. In the last years a great interest has arisen to develop materials that mimic natural mechanisms. Conducting polymers have an array of potential applications as artificial muscles since they are capable to produce a moderate displacement when submitted to an electrochemical reaction. This property has been used to fabricate actuator devices that imitate and even improve the performance of natural muscles. For example, conducting polymers show stresses 15 times higher than those generated by mammalian muscles, a high power/weight ratio and a high degree of compliance. However, there are also several responses that need improvement in the actuators based on conducting polymers. Strains are still c. 50% lower than in natural muscles. Most of this kind of actuators only work in liquid media. It is necessary to increase the response time and obtain more durable actuators with longer lifetime and higher stability. In spite of these disadvantages, the first actuators based on conducting polymers are being commercialized. This paper presents a brief summary of some of the actuators based on these polymers, focusing on their design, performance and actuation mechanism.

Electrochemical nucleation and growth of copper on iron and aluminum: A TEM study of industrial copper cementation

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 454-455
Author(s):  
L.E. Murr ◽  
V. Annamalai
Keyword(s):  
Metal Surface ◽  
Copper Deposit ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Electrochemical Reactions ◽  
Mine Shaft ◽  
De Re ◽  
Copper Precipitation ◽  
Electrochemical Nucleation ◽  
Interesting System

Georgius Agricola in 1556 in his classical book, “De Re Metallica”, mentioned a strange water drawn from a mine shaft near Schmölnitz in Hungary that eroded iron and turned it into copper. This precipitation (or cementation) of copper on iron was employed as a commercial technique for producing copper at the Rio Tinto Mines in Spain in the 16th Century, and it continues today to account for as much as 15 percent of the copper produced by several U.S. copper companies.In addition to the Cu/Fe system, many other similar heterogeneous, electrochemical reactions can occur where ions from solution are reduced to metal on a more electropositive metal surface. In the case of copper precipitation from solution, aluminum is also an interesting system because of economic, environmental (ecological) and energy considerations. In studies of copper cementation on aluminum as an alternative to the historical Cu/Fe system, it was noticed that the two systems (Cu/Fe and Cu/Al) were kinetically very different, and that this difference was due in large part to differences in the structure of the residual, cement-copper deposit.

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